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Effluent Treatment Plant
An Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is an industrial system that treats wastewater (effluent) from manufacturing processes before discharge or reuse. The goal is to remove toxic substances, organic load, and suspended solids so that the treated water meets environmental standards
Type
Treatment trains vary by industry, but generally include:
1) Pre-treatment (screening, equalization, neutralization of pH).
2) Primary treatment (physical–chemical: oil-water separators, coagulation/flocculation to remove suspended solids).
3) Secondary (biological) treatment (biodegradation using activated sludge processes, MBBR, SBR, etc.)
4) Tertiary (advanced) treatment (filtration, adsorption, RO, UV) for polishing. Some ETPs incorporate evaporation or sludge digesters. In high-strength industries (dyeing, pharma), additional steps like ozone/advanced oxidation may be added.
Application
Mandatory for industries generating high BOD/COD effluent: textile dyeing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, tannery, petrochemical, paper and pulp, food & beverage factories. Each sector’s ETP is tailored to its pollutants (e.g. color removal in dyes, solvent recovery in chemicals). The ETP ensures compliance with government discharge norms. In many plants, treated water is recycled for cooling towers or irrigation, reducing water footprint.
Material Selection
Tanks may be FRP-lined concrete (for corrosive chemicals) or stainless steel (for hygienic fluids). Clarifier surfaces are concrete or SS. Pump and agitator materials depend on chemistry (e.g. polypropylene for acids, Hastelloy for strong oxidants). Aeration blowers are packaged steel units. Membrane filters are polysulfone or PVDF in housings. All piping and valves in wet zones are PVC, PP, or stainless steel. Since ETPs handle harsh chemicals, materials are chosen to resist corrosion and abrasion. For example, dosing tanks for acids are usually polyethylene or rubber-lined concrete.
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